Chinese philosophy Essay

. Presentation A. Postulation There are such huge numbers of various methods of reasoning and religions, and they enormously impact people’s life. In this paper, I will present and characterize the agents of the Western way of thinking, for example, Plato’s mystical Dualism and Chinese way of thinking like Daoism. What's more, I am going to look at these ways of thinking and clarify the distinction between them. ?. Dualism A. Clarify Plato’s mystical Dualism Plato’s Dualism partitioned the truth into two distinct domains of presence (World of the Senses and World of the Forms). One world (the physical world) is continually changing, and a different universe (the universe of the Forms) is perpetual. Plato further partitioned these two unique domains of presence. The universe of Forms can be separated into the higher world (domain of the structure) and the lower world (the Empirical world). The universe of faculties can be partitioned into physical articles (common items we see) and pictures (shadows, reflections and pictures). B. Synopsis of Allegory of Cave Plato clarified his powerful dualism by utilizing the Allegory of a cavern. As indicated by Marc Cohen: In the purposeful anecdote, Plato compares individuals untutored in the Theory of Forms to detainees affixed in a cavern, incapable to knock some people's socks off. Everything they can see is the mass of the cavern. Behind them consumes a fire. Between the fire and the detainees there is a parapet, along which puppeteers can walk. The puppeteers, who are behind the detainees, hold up manikins that cast shadows on the mass of the cavern. The detainees can't see these manikins, the genuine items that go behind them. What the detainees see and hear are shadows and echoes cast by objects that they don't see. Be that as it may, one the very beginning of them is discharged from what keeps them the person sitting, and they think back. Around then, the person understands that there are objects and the fire behind individuals and somebody moves the items. The shadow individuals have seen is a phony. Individuals who are as yet sitting have never observed the articles behind them, so they accept that the shadow is genuine. The person is allowed to move, so he begins to hurry to the exit of the cavern. Subsequent to escaping the cavern, the person feels dazed in light of the fact that the world out of the cavern is excessively glossy. Sooner or later, his eyes became acclimated to the splendor and the delightful world like the mountain, the sky, the waterway, or the sun is according to the person. And afterward he understands that the world out of the cavern is genuine. He returns to the cavern and tells individuals who are as yet sitting in the cavern what he saw out of the cavern. In any case, they don't accept that what the person came clean with is. C. Understanding of the Allegory By utilizing this Allegory, we can consider today’s world. There are a lot in development on the planet, and the world is by all accounts smaller than previously. Particularly the presence of broad communications like paper, TV, magazine, Internet, or SNS changed how we manage data. An excessive amount of data is made and streams each day, and we can get the data you need whenever by the gadget like an advanced cell, a PC or a tablet. Be that as it may, is the data you can get actually the truth? The data made by broad communications may resemble the shadow in a cavern. Before I was conceived, there was at that point a lot of data. I learned a lot of data like Japanese history in a school, and I additionally know the new data of the rate that happens each day simultaneously through broad communications. So I learned a large portion of things that happened the world over through the data made by broad communications, and the data resembles a shadow in Allegory of a Cave. Assume that an inside fighting is going on in one nation. We think about that through broad communications. We may see endures in a TV or in a photograph. We feel like comprehend everything about the war through the image on TV or expressions of the News, yet that is definitely not an entire thing yet simply part of that. We have to look for the truth by my own eyes today’s world. ?. Plato’s Legacy According to Philip, â€Å"Plato imagined that the spirit could and would exist separated from the body and would exist after the passing of the body. He offered a â€Å"proof† for this position and was the first to do as such recorded as a hard copy that we have any proof of doing as such. He offered a few distinct confirmations or contentions none of which are persuading today†. His contention was that people were made out of bodies and spirits, however soul was progressively significant and unfading. His contentions utilized premises that are flawed today. For instance, Plato figured he could presume that the spirit could exist isolating from the body since it worked autonomously from the body when it occupied with unadulterated idea. In any case, today, it is demonstrated that how we think relies upon the physical cerebrum works. So this is not, at this point acknowledged as obvious. Plato believed that they are recollecting the information embedded in their spirits when the spirits were in the domain of unadulterated idea and everlasting structures before going into the body after which they overlooked as they got confounded by physical feelings and emotions and constrained encounters through the faculties. What's more, that is the best way to disclose how individuals come to know. This is not, at this point acknowledged as the best clarification of how individuals come to have information. In any case, Plato is attributed with being the main human to endeavor to set out any kind of a proof that people had spirits and that they endure the passing of the body and that they were everlasting. A. Descartes-Substance Dualism According to Philip, â€Å"Descartes likewise accepted that the spirit existed preceding and separate from the body, and it was unfading. In his view, all of reality comprised of two altogether different substances: matter or the physical and soul or the non-physical. † The physical was what might be reached out in existence and the non-physical would not be described. He felt that his well known case that â€Å"I think in this way I am† built up that he existed as well as that he existed without a body as a â€Å"thinking thing†. A â€Å"thinking thing† is a thing that thinks and by that would be incorporated: envisioning, considering, trusting, dreaming, craving, dreading, guessing, thinking, recalling and the sky is the limit from there. For him a â€Å"thinking thing† required no physical parts to do what it does. Present day science has built up that there is no proof of people that are without a physical body and its mind. There is no proof that contemplation is conceivable without a mind. There is a lot of proof that what has been related with Descartes’ â€Å"thinking thing† is currently clarified exclusively in term of the mind and how the cerebrum is genuinely organized and the working of the mind. B. Aquinas According to the content, â€Å"Saint Thomas Aquinas is the savant who disclosed five different ways to show the presence of the God inside the system of a posteriori (the information originates from, or after the experience) and created cosmological and teleological contentions. † I will clarify one of the exhibits. The route is from the idea of effective aim. In the realm of reasonable things, there is a request for proficient motivations. It never happens that the thing is simply the effective aim. In the event that you take a gander at one marvel, you can see numerous proficient motivations behind it. Be that as it may, you can't return to limitlessness. There must be the primary proficient aim. Aquinas asserts that that is the God. The Aquinas’ guarantee is like Plato’s guarantee. He thought the God is the principal productive reason and free one. That is near the idea â€Å"the domain of the form† Plato guaranteed. What's more, the things in the realm of reasonable things are the auxiliary things of the God. It is near â€Å"the Empirical world† Plato guaranteed. ?. Chinese Natural Cosmology A. Ames 'Picture of Reason in Chinese Culture† Ames claims the distinction between the predominant originations of reality in the West and in the Chinese custom in his â€Å"image of Reason in Chinese Culture†. As per the content, Ames claims that â€Å"to investigate the Chinese way of thinking, he thought you expected to perceive in any event that you are managing an in a general sense diverse world in the event that you know about Western culture. To bring into help certain highlights of the prevailing Indo-European view and Chinese option in contrast to it, he builds a â€Å"logical feeling of request with a â€Å"aesthetic† request. † What we call â€Å"logical† feeling of request has created Western philosophical and strict conventionality, and it depends on the assumption that there is something changeless, great, target, and all inclusive that teaches the universe of charge and ensures common and good request some originative and determinative arche, an unceasing domain of Platonic edios or â€Å"ideas†, the One True God of the Judeo-Christian universe, a supernatural depository of perpetual standards or laws, an annalistic technique for observing clear and unmistakable thoughts. In a solitary request world, the One God is the underlying start of the universe. The God is base and perpetual rule that causes and clarifies that source and issues everything from itself, and that is natural and presupposition in Western custom. Despite the fact that the world is clarified by â€Å"logical† request in Western convention, in any case, there is no â€Å"logical† request in Chinese way of thinking. The request for Chinese custom is characteristic in and indivisible from an unexpectedly evolving world. The universe has inside itself its authoritative standards and its own imaginative vitality. In the perspective on Chinese custom, the world makes itself. That is shameful from the view purpose of Western researcher reason. The yin and the yan meet up and control the vast mix of these two inverse wellspring of vitality. These two wellsprings of vitality make an unconstrained knowledge conceivable.

Buy Nothing Day free essay sample

â€Å"Buy Nothing Day†, a day wherein individuals are asked to buy no merchandise, means well, yet may really have all the more a negative impact than a positive one. Truly, this one day may elevate attention to the issues of overconsumption, yet it could hurt the economy considerably more. Additionally, individuals go through cash each day on water and power, in this manner the individuals who don’t purchase anything on this day are in reality despite everything paying for these administrations. Generally speaking, the day means well, however could really accomplish more mischief than anything. The idea of a day liberated from spending may, from the outset, appear to be a splendid thought, as overconsumption and debasement brought about by huge companies is unquestionable. Enormous organizations, for example, Wal-Mart, reliably damage natural laws, come up short on workers, and just consideration about benefits. In principle, this day could bring issues to light, however it doesn’t reprove all spending, which is for all intents and purposes incomprehensible. We will compose a custom exposition test on Purchase Nothing Day or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For one thing, the vast majority in the countries that would take an interest in such a day have running water and power. A day really without spending would be without these things that are practically fundamental in today’s society. What are you expected to do in the event that you come up short on gas on your approach to work? Gas, alongside other spending because of employments, is vital. For individuals genuinely sick in medical clinics, would they say they should quit paying for their life-sparing medications for a day? There are various models where this day is difficult to execute. In any event, for the individuals who can really do this day, it isn’t difficult to discard going through for one day if a large number of members can play with the iPads they had bought on an earlier day. Purchase Nothing Day† would be incredibly damaging of the world’s economy. On the off chance that this day had the option to be executedto the level that coordinator might want, at that point each organization and store wouldn’t have any deals that day. The stores would at present need to pay their representatives, notwithstanding, and pay for the entirety of the offices utilized that day. Each entrepreneur would lose cash, and thusly drive costs up the following day. This would be amazingly hurtful to the costs of things, for example, gas, which could heighten in cost significantly in light of â€Å"Buy Nothing Day. The world would take care of such a day. While the individuals who composed the day ought to be perceived for their accomplishments, they may not understand the genuine outcomes of their activities. They mean well, yet such an extreme thought requires more than expectations to succeed. A â€Å"Buy Nothing Day† could have the ability to superfluously harm the economy, taking into account that nearly everybody realizes that defilement exists in the business world. In the event that such a day were to be more idea out, it might turn out to be considerably more effective in years to come.

11 Anger Management Strategies That Will Calm You Down

11 Anger Management Strategies That Will Calm You Down February 03, 2020 More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Difficulty managing your anger can lead to a variety of problems; saying things you regret, yelling at your kids, threatening your co-worker, sending rash emails, health problems, or physical violence. Anger management problems aren’t always that serious, however. Instead, you might just find that you waste a lot of time thinking about events that upset you or venting about people you dislike. Anger management isn’t about never getting angry. Instead, it involves learning how to recognize, cope with, and express your anger in healthy and productive ways. Anger management is a skill that everyone can learn. And, there’s always room for improvement. Illustration by Cindy Chung, Verywell Why Does Anger Need to Be Managed? Anger is an emotion that can range from mild irritation to intense rage. While many people refer to anger as a “negative emotion,” anger can be quite positive. Angry feelings may spur you to stand up for someone or it may inspire you to create social change. When left unchecked, angry feelings can lead to aggressive behavior, like yelling at someone or damaging property. Or, angry feelings may cause you to withdraw from the world and turn your anger inward. Angry emotions become problematic when they’re felt too often or too intensely or when they’re expressed in unhealthy ways. Too much anger can take a toll on you, physically, mentally, and socially. Anger management strategies are meant to help you discover healthy ways to reduce and express your feelings. Cognitive Behavioral Strategies Research consistently shows that cognitive behavioral interventions are effective strategies for improving anger management.?? Cognitive behavioral interventions involve changing the way an individual thinks and behaves. It’s based on the notion that your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all connected. Your thoughts and behaviors can either fuel your emotions or reduce them. So if you want to shift your emotional state away from anger, you can change what you’re thinking about and what you’re doing. Cognitive behavioral strategies for anger management involve shifting away from the thoughts and behaviors that fuel your anger.?? Without fuel to keep the fire burning, the fire inside you will begin to dwindle and youll calm down. The best way to manage your anger is to create an anger management control plan. Then, youll know what to do when you start feeling upset.?? 1) Identify What Triggers Your Anger If you’ve gotten into the habit of losing your temper, it can be helpful to take stock of the things that trigger your anger. Long lines, traffic jams, snarky comments from a friend, or being overtired are just a few things that might shorten your fuse. That’s not to say you should blame people or external circumstances for your inability to keep your cool. But, understanding the things that trigger your anger can help you plan accordingly. You might decide to structure your day differently to help you manage your stress better. Or, you might practice some anger management techniques before you encounter circumstances that you usually find distressing so you can lengthen your fuseâ€"meaning that a single frustrating episode won’t set you off. 2) Determine If Your Anger Is a Friend or Enemy Before you spring into action calming yourself down, ask yourself if your anger is a friend or an enemy. If you’re witnessing someone’s rights being violated or your anger is signaling to you that the circumstances you’re in aren’t healthy, your anger might be helpful. Then, you might proceed by changing the situationâ€"rather than changing your emotional state. Your anger might give you the courage you need to take a stand or make a change. If, however, your anger is causing distress or it’s threatening to cause you to lash out, your anger may be an enemy. In that case, it makes sense to work on changing your emotions by calming yourself down. 3) Recognize Your Warning Signs It may feel like your anger hits you in an instant. But, there are warning signs when your anger is on the rise. Recognizing those warning signs can help you take action so you can calm yourself down and prevent your anger from getting to a boiling point.?? Think about the physical warning signs of anger. Perhaps your heart beats fast or your face feels hot. Or, maybe you begin to clench your fists. You also might notice some cognitive changes. Perhaps your mind races or you begin “seeing red.” When you recognize your warning signs, you have the opportunity to take immediate action so you can prevent yourself from doing or saying things that create even bigger problems in your life. 4) Step Away From the Situation Trying to win an argument or sticking it out in an unhealthy situation will fuel your anger. One of the best things you can do when your anger is on the rise is to take a break. Take a break when a conversation gets heated. Leave a meeting if you think you’re going to explode. A time out can be key to helping you calm your brain and your body down. If there’s someone that you routinely get into heated disputes with, like a friend or family member, talk about taking a time-out and resume when youre both feeling calm. Explain that you aren’t trying to dodge difficult subjects, but you’re working on managing your anger better. And you won’t be able to have a productive conversation when you’re feeling really upset. You can rejoin the discussion or address the issue again when youre feeling calmer. 5) Talk to a Trusted Friend If there’s someone who has a calming effect on you, talking through an issue or expressing your feelings to that person may be helpful. It’s important to note, however, that venting can backfire. Complaining about your boss, describing all the reasons you don’t like someone or grumbling about all of your perceived injustices may add fuel to the fire. A common misconception is that you have to vent your anger to feel better. But, studies show you don’t need to “get your anger out.”?? Smashing things when you’re upset, for example, may actually make you angrier. So it’s important to use this coping skill with caution. If you’re going to talk to a friend, make sure you’re working on developing a solution or reducing your anger, not just venting. You might find that the best way to use this strategy is to talk about something other than the situation causing you to feel angry. 6) Get Your Body Moving Anger gives you a rush of energy and one of the best ways to put that surge to good use is to engage in physical activity.?? Whether you go for a brisk walk or you decide to hit the gym, working out can burn off the extra tension. Regular exercise can also help you decompress. Aerobic activity reduces stress, which might help improve your frustration tolerance.?? 7) Change the Way You Think Angry thoughts add fuel to your anger. Thinking things like, “I can’t stand it. This traffic jam is going to ruin everything,” will increase your frustration. When you find yourself thinking about things that fuel your anger, reframe your thoughts. Remind yourself of the facts by saying something like, “There are millions of cars on the road every day. Sometimes, there will be traffic jams.” Focusing on the factsâ€"without adding in catastrophic predictions or distorted exaggerationsâ€"can help you stay calmer.?? You also might develop a mantra that you can repeat to drown out the thoughts that fuel your anger. Saying, Im OK. Stay calm, or Not helpful, over and over again can help you keep the thoughts that fuel your anger at bay. 8) Change the Channel Ruminating about an upsetting situation fuels angry feelings. If, for example, you’ve had a bad day at work, rehashing everything that went wrong all evening will keep you stuck in a state of frustration. The best way to calm down might be to change the channel in your brain and focus on something else altogether. But, you’re likely to find that telling yourself “Don’t think about that,” isn’t a good way to get your mind off something. The best way to mentally shift gears is to distract yourself with an activity. Clean the kitchen, weed the garden, pay some bills, or play with the kids. Find something to do that will keep your mind occupied enough that you won’t ruminate on the things upsetting you. Then, your body and your brain can calm down. 9) Engage in a Relaxation Exercise There are many different relaxation exercises and it’s important to find the one that works best for you. Breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation are two common strategies for reducing tension.?? The best part is, both exercises can be performed quickly and discreetly. So whether you’re frustrated at work or you’re angry at a dinner engagement, you can let go of stress quickly. It’s important to note, however, that relaxation exercises take practice. At first, you might not feel as though they’re effective or you might question whether they’re going to work for you. But with practice, they can become your go-to strategies for anger management. How to Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation 10) Explore the Feelings Beneath Your Anger Sometimes it helps to take a moment and think about what emotions might be lurking beneath your anger. Anger often serves as a protective mask to help you avoid feeling more painful emotions, like embarrassment, sadness, and disappointment. When someone gives you feedback that’s hard to hear, for example, you might lash out in anger because you’re embarrassed. Convincing yourself the other person is bad for criticizing you might make you feel better by keeping your embarrassment at bay. But, acknowledging those underlying emotionsâ€"and labeling themâ€"can help you get to the root of the problem. Then, you can decide to take appropriate action. 11) Create a Calm Down Kit If you tend to come home from work stressed out and you take out your anger on your family or you know that workplace meetings cause you a lot of frustration, create a calm down kit that you can use to relax. Think about objects that might help engage your senses. When you can look, hear, see, smell, and touch calming things, you can change your emotional state. You might fill a shoebox with scented hand lotion, a photo of you on vacation with your family, a picture of a serene landscape, a spiritual passage about staying calm, and a few pieces of your favorite candy. You might also create a sort of virtual calm down kit that you can take everywhere. Calming music and images, guided meditation, or instructions for breathing exercises could be stored in a special folder on your smartphone. The 7 Best Online Anger Management Classes A Word From Verywell For many people, angry outbursts serve a purpose. Yelling at someone may get them to comply with your demands. Or lashing out at a partner may show that individual that you mean business. While aggressive behavior may get your needs met right now, there are long-term consequences. Other people might not like or respect you if you can’t tame your temper. Or, your words might cause lasting damage to the relationship. If you’ve been using your anger as a tool to get your needs met, you may benefit from learning healthier and more socially appropriate strategies. Asking for help or speaking up in an assertive manner might help you get what you want without causing more problems in the long-term. If anger has been causing problems in your life and you’re struggling to tame your temper on your own, seek professional help. Some mental health problems can be linked to anger management issues. For example, PTSD can be linked to aggressive outbursts. Depressive disorders can also cause irritability and may make it more difficult to manage anger.   Start by talking to your physician about your mood and your behavior. Your physician will want to ensure you don’t have any physical health issues that are contributing to the problem. If your physician feels the treatment is warranted, you may be referred to a mental health professional for further evaluation. Depending on your goals and treatment needs, therapy may involve individual sessions as well as anger management classes. Research Behind the Stress-Management Anger Room Craze

Rainbow Colored Flames Using Household Chemicals

Its easy to make a rainbow of colored flames using common household chemicals. Basically, what you need are chemicals for each of the colors, plus a fuel. Use a fuel that burns with a clean blue flame. Good choices include rubbing alcohol, 151 rum, hand sanitizer made with alcohol, lighter fluid, or alcohol fuel treatment. You can get a rainbow effect by placing chemicals directly on burning wood or paper, but sodium in these fuels produces a strongly yellow flame, which tends to overpower the other colors. Set Up the Rainbow On a fire-proof surface, line up small piles of powder for each of the colorants. You only need a small pinch of each chemical (1/2 teaspoon or less). Usually, youll run your rainbow red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet (or the opposite direction). It works best if you try to keep the colorant chemicals separate. When the fuel is added, some of the colors naturally will run together. Once the chemicals are set up, theres no hurry to light the fire. When you are ready, add fuel and then light it at one end. Youll get the most vivid coloring using methanol, but it burns hot. Hand sanitizer burns with the coolest temperature flame, but the high water content means the rainbow fire doesnt last long. Feel free to experiment. One compromise is to dampen the powders with methanol and follow up with a layer of hand sanitizer. As the fuel burns, the water will naturally extinguish the flames. The colorant chemicals are not consumed by the flames, so you can add more fuel to renew the rainbow. Table of Flame Colorants Most of the chemicals used for the project can be obtained from a grocery store. All of them are available at a superstore, like a Walmart or Target Supercenter. Color Chemical Common Source Red strontium nitrate or a lithium salt contents of a red emergency flare or lithium from a lithium battery Orange calcium chloride or mix red/yellow chemicals calcium chloride bleaching powder or mix salt with flare contents Yellow sodium chloride table salt (sodium chloride) Green boric acid, borax, copper sulfate borax laundry booster, boric acid disinfectant or insect killer, copper sulfate root killer Blue alcohol rubbing alcohol, Heet methanol, 151 rum, or alcohol-based hand sanitizer, lighter fluid Violet potassium chloride salt substitute Rainbow Fire Safety Information In addition to performing the project on a heat-safe surface, its a good idea to do it in a well-ventilated area, under a fume hood, or outdoors. There may be a small amount of smoke.Do not add fuel to the fire while it is still burning. Wait until the flames are extinguished and then add more alcohol and re-light the fire.The flames are easily extinguished by blowing them out, suffocating them (as with the lid of a pan), or by adding water.Its a good idea to wear protective eyewear and clothing, as for any science demonstration. Avoid wearing synthetic fabrics, as they readily melt if exposed to flame. Cotton, silk, and wool are good choices, or you can wear a lab coat.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And Herpes Simplex Virus

In present day society, a silent pandemic affects countless humans. These diseases are known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). STDs typically spread without warning and once the diseases are contracted, it is impossible to eliminate even with assistance from advance modern medicine. In particular, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are notorious for their capability to end a person’s way of life. These viral maladies are noted for their differences concerning methods of transmission in the body, distinct lack of prominent symptoms, and dissimilar treatments used on patients to ease the symptoms. HIV and HSV are both classified as sexually transmitted diseases, yet they are inherently different at the molecular level, thus requiring different methods of transmission through the body. For instance, HSV is a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus. The herpes virus attacks the stratified squamous epithelium, the thin layer of tissue, of the mouth, vagina, and the rectum. In order to infect more epithelial cells, HSV deceives the host cell into reproducing the proteins and viral DNA necessary for the HSV to replicate more of itself. Lastly, the virus recedes to the nerve cells where the virus becomes latent until it is reactivated causing more outbreaks (â€Å"Herpesvirus Infections† 520). HIV, on the other hand, is a single stranded RNA retrovirus. HIV attacks the immune cells (helper T lymphocytes) and macrophages—functions to rid harmful substancesShow MoreRelatedHIV/AIDS, Herpes and HPV in South African Youth Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesis this age group of the population that has shown the highest HIV prevalence over time. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like Herpes and HPV within the South African youth are also associated to the transmission of HIV because both of them increase the risk of infection. 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Urban Farming in New York Free Essays

Ilona Mukhisnova ENG 1101 10/22/2012 Prof. Alatriste Home Paper #2 – Argumentative Essay Urban Farming for Providing NYC with a Sustainable Food System ?Nowadays, a life in a huge megalopolis like New York can be very advantageous for a person in things like an easy access to business, culture, politics, and entertainment. However, live in the big city can has its own negative sides. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Farming in New York or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scott Stringer, in the report â€Å"Food NYC: A Blueprint for Sustainable Food System† points out serious nutrition and pollution issues in the city. Indeed, there are a lot of problems that New Yorkers have to face with, but a lack of â€Å"affordable and healthy† food is one of things that the City’s residents suffer most from. The report contains ideas and recommendations that New York can adopt to â€Å"balance health, economic, and environmental needs. † According to the report, it could be reached by changing processes of producing and consumption of food such as the use of efficient and energy-saving technologies which may lead to reducing NYC’s GHG emissions. I think that sustainable food system could be developed by means of promotion of local agriculture and encouraging residents and businesses to consume locally produced food. ?There are a lot of problems that make the developing of local agriculture in the city difficult. One of such problems is the high CO2 production. In his report, Stringer says that â€Å"the city has committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 30 percent by the year 2030,† if it sticks to Mayor Bloomberg’s PlaNYC initiative. However, a lot of people think that it’s really a low percentage of improvements for almost twenty-year period, but I believe that it’s way better than no improving at all, and that there’s some other ways to improve the environmental situation the city. One of the ways to reduce such problems as CO2 emission is to increase the number of parks and gardens in the city. According to Stringer’s report, some people consider gardens as â€Å"a transitional use of land, available until the land is ready for urban development. I find this point of view wrong, as these green oases in the middle of the concrete jungles help to keep our city healthier by both â€Å"absorb[ing] carbon through photosynthesis† and, thus, preserving the environment and being a place for community activities. Lubie Grujicic-Alatriste, the author of the article â€Å"New York City Community Gardens Are in Full Bloom,† says community gardens â€Å"bring so much needed relie f from urban pollution. I agree with the author’s view that local residents’ help in maintaining community gardens are one of the best examples of people’s efforts to save the green â€Å"plots of land,† and this, most importantly, can help decrease the negative impacts of food sector. ?One of the biggest stoppers of developing urban agriculture in New York City is a lack of available for gardening and farming lands. In a built-up city like New York, the demand on land is great. There are some groups of people such as construction companies who are against securing the City’s land for agriculture purposes. They all need land for developing new projects and getting large profit. I think the City Government should create proper legislation to regulate the City’s land use and protect existing parks and gardens from being replaced with buildings. Also, the land demand keeps the prices on land extremely high, what makes it difficult to do business by growing fruits and vegetables; farms’ profits not always can cover the costs of production. Danielle Sonnenberg writes in her article â€Å"Interest Grows in Urban Farms: City’s Green Movement Has Ear of Wall Street† that â€Å"real estate costs are high†, and that the City and community organizations should increase the interest of Wall Street to invest in urban farming. The author points out that agriculture companies like NewSeed Advisors and Gotham Greens find urban farming profitable. Examples of these companies show that projects like hydroponic greenhouse are actually â€Å"commercially viable. That makes Wall Street consider urban farming as a good source of investment. All of the above reasons bring us to the point that we should consider new ways of city farming. According to the â€Å"Food NYC†, urban agricultural growth may be achieved by considering opportunities of using of â€Å"underutilized spaces, such as rooftops, basements, or warehouses. † In the article â€Å"Huge Rooftop Farm is Set for Brooklyn†, which appea red in the New York Times on April 5th, 2012, the author (Lisa W. Foderato) tells about a new project of â€Å"Bright Farms, a private company that develop greenhouses,† the world’s largest rooftop farm in Sunset Park, Brooklyn. The farm is going to work on the hydroponic technology, – â€Å"vegetables are [going to be] grown in water rather than soil. † Rooftop farms are not a novelty for New York: there are already farms in Long Island City, the Greenpoint, etc. Thus, the development of alternative urban farms may encourage city residents to consume locally produced food. The supporting and developing untraditional type of urban farming will bring affordable fresh produce to the City’s counters. Locally produced food with the use of modern technology can improve the overall health of the City’s population, lower the food’s costs, and reduce negative environmental impact. Securing the land for parks and gardens use can also improve NYC environment. Promoting urban agriculture and encouraging residents to consume locally produced food can help the City Government to provide New Yorkers with sustainable food system. How to cite Urban Farming in New York, Essay examples

Moon and Lunar Orbit free essay sample

BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE PROJECT ON CHANDRAYAAN-1 SUBMITTED BY: CONTENTS:- i ABOUT CHANDRAYAAN-1 i LAUNCH PROCESS i OBJECTIVES i SPECIFICATIONS i AREAS OF STUDY i SUCCESS OF CHANDRAYAAN-1 i REACTIONS AND STATEMENTS i FUTURE: CHANDRAYAAN-2 i MISCELAANEOUS oNEWSPAPER CUTTING oPICTURES OF CHANDRAYAAN-1 AND, MOON AND EARTH. WHAT IS CHANDRAYAAN-1? i IT IS A SPACE CRAFT DESIGNED TO STUDY THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. i IT IS DESIGNED AND CREATED BY THE INDIAN SCIENTISTS. OrganizationIndian Space Research Organisation Mission typeOrbiter Satellite ofMoon Orbital insertion date12 November 2008 Launch date22 October 2008 from Sriharikota, India Mission duration2 years Mass523 kg (1,153 lb) ABOUT CHANDRAYAAN The moon with the history of the early solar system etched on its beckons mankind from time immemorial to admire its marvels and discover its secrets. Understanding the moon provides a pathway to unravel the early evolution of the solar system and that of the planet earth. Though the ages, the Moon, our closest celestial body has roused curiousty in our mind much more than any other objects in the sky. We will write a custom essay sample on Moon and Lunar Orbit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chandrayaan-1, (Sanskrit: a ¤sa ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¡a ¤Ã‚ ¦a a ¤Ã‚ °a ¤? a ¤? a ¤? -a? , Moon-vehicle) is Indias first mission to the moon, launched by Indias national space agency the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by a modified version of the PSLV XL on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 06:23 IST (00:52 UTC). The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. The Moon Impact Probe was successfully impacted at the lunar South Pole at 20:31 hours on 14 November 2008. The estimated cost for the project is Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million). The remote sensing satellite had a mass of 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) at launch and 675 kilograms (1,488 lb) at lunar orbit and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The Polar Regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. On course of launch BANGALORE: The sticker on the threshold just says, aâ‚ ¬? Spacecraft checkout No. 4. aâ‚ ¬? As we entered the mezzanine-like floor on Monday and looked below, the gorgeous looking Chandrayaan-1, enveloped in golden yellow insulation foil, came into view. It was in the dirt-free aâ‚ ¬? clean roomaâ‚ ¬? of the ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore, and men dressed in white overalls, were fussing over it and conducting checks. It had passed a battery of tests in the space simulation chamber (SSC), where it was subjected to extremes of hot and cold temperatures. Tests that unfolded its solar panel, as if were an accordion, and for pointing its antenna were equally successful. It will now face vibration and noise tests. Things are moving ahead for the launch of Chandrayaan-1, Indiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first spacecraft to the moon, before the end of October from Sriharikota by a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle called PSLV-XL. Chandrayaan-1 will carry 11 instruments, five from India and six from abroad. They will map the minerals and chemicals on the lunar soil and also provide clues to the moonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s origin. ISAC Director T. K. Alex called it aâ‚ ¬? a complicated missionaâ‚ ¬? because aâ‚ ¬? for the first time, we are sending a spacecraft beyond the earthaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s orbitaâ‚ ¬? (that is, it will orbit the moon). The moon is nearly four lakh km away and the spacecraft has to be manoeuvred precisely in stages to reach the moonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s orbit. After all the 11 instruments were successfully integrated into Chandrayaan-1, it underwent thermo-vacuum tests in the special facility SSC. The spacecraft was subjected to 120 degrees Celsius and minus 150 degrees Celsius in the chamber. aâ‚ ¬? It was tested in varying temperatures for almost 20 days. The performance of the spacecraft and its instruments were thoroughly checked and we found that they were all working well,aâ‚ ¬? said Dr. Alex. M. Annadurai, Project Director, Chandrayaan-1, asserted that there were aâ‚ ¬? no issuesaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ when the spacecraft went through thermo-vacuum tests, including aâ‚ ¬? soak and shock tests. aâ‚ ¬? During the aâ‚ ¬? soakaâ‚ ¬? tests, it was subjected to high temperatures for long durations. In aâ‚ ¬? shockaâ‚ ¬? ests, it alternately went through high and very low temperatures in quick succession. aâ‚ ¬? During these tests also, we found that there was no issue and all the systems were working well,aâ‚ ¬? Mr. Annadurai said. He called the SSC a big contraption that aâ‚ ¬? looks like a well. aâ‚ ¬? It is four metres in diameter and seven m etres in depth. It has a big lid. Chandrayaan-1 is now getting ready for the vibration and acoustic tests from September 20. It will be placed on a shake-table. Mr. Annadurai said: aâ‚ ¬? We will generate the vibrations that the spacecraft will undergo when it is launched by the PSLV. Then we move on to the acoustic chamber, where we generate noise similar to that made by the PSLV engines. The spacecraft has to withstand that also. aâ‚ ¬? While an aircraft engine produced 145 decibels of noise, the PSLV engines produced 150 decibels, Dr. Alex explained. aâ‚ ¬? We are on course for transporting Chandrayaan-1 to Sriharikota by the end of this month (September),aâ‚ ¬? Mr. Annadurai said. Objectives The stated scientific objectives of the mission are: aâ‚ ¬? To design, develop and launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using Indian made launch vehicle. aâ‚ ¬? Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board the spacecraft which will yield the following results: oTo prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both the near and far side of the moon. oTo conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron, Titanium, Radon, Uranium, Thorium. oTo impact a sub-satellite (Moon Impact Probe aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  MIP) on the surface on the Moon as a fore-runner to future soft landing missions. Specifications After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) is seen being loaded into the Thermovac Chamber (right) Mass 1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523 kg after releasing the impactor. Dimensions Cuboid in shape of approximately 1. 5 m Communications X band, 0. 7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking Command (TTC) communication operates in S band frequency. Power The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array, which includes one solar panel covering a total area of 2. 5 x 1. 8 m generating 700 W of power, which is stored in a 36 Aaâ‚ ¬? h Lithium-ion battery. The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon. Specific areas of study aâ‚ ¬? High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north and south polar regions. aâ‚ ¬? Search for surface or sub-surface wat er-ice on the Moon, especially at the lunar poles. aâ‚ ¬? Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks. aâ‚ ¬? Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of the central uplands of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR), where interior material may be expected. aâ‚ ¬? To map the height variation of the lunar surface features. aâ‚ ¬? Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moons surface with 5 m resolution aâ‚ ¬? To provide new insights in understanding the Moons origin and evolution. Payloads Chandrayaan 1 The scientific payload has a total mass of 90 kg and contains five Indian instruments and six foreign instruments. Indian â‚ ¬? TMC or the Terrain Mapping Camera is a CCD camera with 5 m resolution and a 40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon. The aim of this instrument is to completely map the topography of the moon. The camera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and captures black and white stereo images. Wh en used in conjunction with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can help in better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well. TMC was built by the ISROs Space Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad. The TMC was successfully tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC. aâ‚ ¬? HySI or Hyper Spectral Imager will perform mineralogical mapping in the 400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m. aâ‚ ¬? LLRI or Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument will determine the surface topography. aâ‚ ¬? C1XS or X-ray fluorescence spectrometer covering 1- 10 keV, will map the abundance of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface with a ground resolution of 25 km, and will detect solar flux. This payload is collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U. K, ESA and ISRO. aâ‚ ¬? HEX is a High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer for 30 aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure U, Th, Pb, Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements aâ‚ ¬? MIP or the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO is an impact probe which was ejected at 20:00 hours IST on 14 November, 2008. The Moon Impact Probe successfully crash landed at the lunar South Pole at 20:31 hours IST on 14 November, 2008. It carried with it a picture of the Indian flag. India is now the fourth nation to place a flag on the Moon after the Soviet Union, United States and Japan. 18] Non-Indian aâ‚ ¬? SARA, the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA will map composition using low energy neutral atoms sputtered from the surface. aâ‚ ¬? M3, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL (funded by NASA) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition. aâ‚ ¬? SIR-2, A near infrared spectrometer from ESA, built at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen, will also map the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The instrument will be similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR. aâ‚ ¬? MiniSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarised radiation with a frequency of 2. 5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarised radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated. aâ‚ ¬? RADOM-7, Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences maps the radiation environment around the Moon. Space flight Chandrayaan-1 flight Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 6. 22 am IST from Satish Dhawan Space Centre using ISROs 44. 4 metre tall four-stage PSLV launch rocket, and it took 21 days to reach final lunar orbit. ISROs telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, will track and control Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span. First orbit burn The first orbit raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was performed at 09:00 hrs IST on 23 October 2008 when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 440 Newton Liquid Engine was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With this Chandrayaan-1aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apogee was raised to 37,900 km, and its perigee to 305 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about 11 hours to go round the Earth once. Second orbit burn The second orbit raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carried out on 25 October 2008 at 05:48 IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about 16 minutes, raising its apogee to 74,715 km, and its perigee to 336 km, thus completing 20 percent of its journey. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about twenty-five and a half hours to go round the Earth once. This is the first time an Indian spacecraft has gone beyond the 36,000 km high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude more than twice that height. Third orbit burn The third orbit raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at 07:08 IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about nine and a half minutes. With this its apogee was raised to 164,600 km, and the perigee to 348 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about 73 hours to go round the Earth once. Fourth orbit burn The fourth orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 29 October 2008 at 07:38 IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about three minutes, raising its apogee to 267,000 km and the perigee to 465 km. This extended its orbit to a distance more than half the way to moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft took about six days to go round the Earth once. [30] Operation of TMC The Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was successfully operated on 29 October 2008 through a series of commands issued from the Spacecraft Control Centre of the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore. [16] The second image showing Australiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Southern Coast and taken from 70,000 km, was erroneously flipped horizontally when issued to the press. 31] Final orbit burn The fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 4 November 2008 04:56 am IST when the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s engine was fired for about two and a half minutes resulting in Chandrayaan-1 entering the Lunar Transfer Trajectory with an apogee of about 380,000 km. Lunar orbit insertion Chandrayaan-1 successfully completed the lunar orbit insertion operation on 8th Nov 200 8 at 16:51 IST. This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquid engine for 817 seconds (about thirteen and half minutes) when the spacecraft passed within 500 km from the moon. The satellite was placed in an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the moon, with 7502 km aposelene (point farthest away from the moon) and 504 km periselene (nearest to the moon). The orbital period was estimated to be around 11 hours. With the successful completion of this operation, India became the fifth nation to put a vehicle in lunar orbit. [6] First Lunar Orbit Reduction First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 was carried out successfully on 9 November 2008 at 20:03 IST. During this, the engine of the spacecraft was fired for about 57 seconds. This reduced the periselene from 504 km to 200 km while aposelene remained unchanged at 7,502 km. In this elliptical orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about ten and a half hours to circle the moon once. Second Lunar Orbit Reduction This manoeuvre, which resulted in steep decrease in Chandrayaan-1aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aposelene from 7,502 km to 255 km and its periselene from 200 km to 187 km, was carried out on 10 November 2008 at 21:58 IST. During this manoeuvre, the engine was fired for about 866 seconds (about fourteen and half minutes). Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 16 minutes to go round the Moon once in this orbit. Third Lunar Orbit Reduction Third Lunar Orbit Reduction was carried out by firing the on board engine for 31 seconds on 11 November 2008 at 18:30 IST. This reduced the periselene from 187 km to 101 km, while the aposelene remained constant at 255 km. In this orbit Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 9 minutes to go round the Moon once. Final Lunar Orbit Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was successfully placed into a mission specific lunar orbit of 100 km above the lunar surface on 12 November 2008. In the final orbit reduction manoeuvre, Chandrayaan-1aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aposelene was reduced from 255 km to 100 km while the periselene was reduced from 101 km to 100 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about two hours to go round the moon once. Two of the 11 payloads aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) and the Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM) aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" have already been successfully switched ON. The TMC has successfully taken pictures of both the Earth and the moon. Injection of MIP on Lunar Surface Moon Impact Probe (MIP) landed on the lunar surface on 14 November 2008, 20:31 IST on the South Pole. The MIP is one of eleven scientific instruments (payloads) onboard Chandrayaan-1. The MIP separated from Chandrayaan at 100 km from lunar surface and began its nosedive at 20:06 going into a free fall for thirty minutes. As it fell, it kept sending information back to the mother satellite which, in turn, beamed the information back to earth. The altimeter then also began recording measurements to prepare for a rover to land on the lunar surface during a second moon mission planned for 2012. When the MIP was closer to the surface, rockets were fired to slow down its speed and to soften impact. Following the successful deployment of MIP, the other scientific instruments will be turned on one-by-one starting the next phase of the two-year mission. Reactions Upon becoming the fourth country to plant a flag on the moon, the Chandrayaan led to national euphoria in India with leaders coming out in praise of the country and the scientists behind the mission. Former Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam said the landing was a gift to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru because the landing happened on the latters 119th birth anniversary. He added that, The success of Chandrayaan-1 is result of [a] team effort. This is the reason for which every Indian should feel proud. Continuing that India is not far from becoming a super power and its greatest asset, the youth, will lead it to the path of glory. ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair said, We had promised the country that we will deliver the moon and we have done it India has successfully hoisted the national flag on the moon. It is a proud achievement. Additionally, serving Indian president Pratibha Patil, UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi, and leader of the opposition L. K. Advani also commended the team for the landing. Team The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan-1 project are: aâ‚ ¬? G. Madhavan Nair aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation aâ‚ ¬? T. K. Alex aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre) aâ‚ ¬? Mylswamy Annadurai aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Project director aâ‚ ¬? S. K. Shivkumar aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Director Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network. aâ‚ ¬? George Koshi aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mission Director aâ‚ ¬? Srinivasa Hegde aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mission Director aâ‚ ¬? M Y S Prasad aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Associate Director of the Sriharikota Complex and Range Operations Director aâ‚ ¬? J N Goswami aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Director of Ahmedabad-based Physical Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan-1 aâ‚ ¬? Narendra Bhandari aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Head, ISRO`s Planetary Sciences and Exploration program Chandrayaan-1 enters lunar orbit successfully After two weeks of journey Indias first unmanned lunar spacecraft Chandrayaan-1 entered the lunar orbit on Saturday (Nov. 08, 2008) evening. It started at 16:50 hrs IST and within 14 minutes, it the entered lunar orbit. It is now 504 km from Moon. ISRO says the most critical operation is successful. With this development, Indias moon mission has been declared successful. When Chandrayaan-1 planned to be launched in 2008 using spacecraft and launch vehicle of ISRO. The mission is expected to have an operational life of about 2 years. The idea of undertaking an Indian scientific mission to Moon was initially mooted in a meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1999 that was followed up by discussions in the Astronautical Society of India in 2000. Based on the recommendations made by the learned members of these forums, a National Lunar Mission Task Force was constituted by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Leading Indian scientists and technologists participated in the deliberations of the Task Force that provided an assessment on the feasibility of an Indian Mission to the Moon as well as dwelt on the focus of such a mission and its possible configuration. Government of India approved ISROs proposal for Chandrayaan-1 in November 2003. Chandrayaan will be ready to launch in between October 19 and October 28. Why Why India want to go to moon? ISRO said it would spur the Indian scientific community and probe the physical characteristics of the lunar surface in greater depth than previous missions by other nations. It will explore its minerals, map the terrain and find out whether water and helium deposits exist. It will also give us a deeper understanding about the planet Earth itself or its origins, Earlier missions did not come out with a full understanding of the moon and that is the reason scientists are still interested. This will lay the foundation for bigger missions and also open up new possibilities of international networking and support for planetary programmes. Chandrayaan-1 had triggered a small debate within India about its necessity. Critics are saying it is outdated and the organization was wasting its money from a limited budget allotted by the government. India should not undertake the mission but instead restrict its space programmes to satellite launches and use its funds for social welfare. How Lunar Craft would be launched using Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) from . The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) is located in Sriharikota. LunarCraft would weight 1304 kg at launch and 590 kg at lunar orbit. The LunarCraft would be launched in a highly elliptical transfer orbit with perigee (Perigee is the point at which an object in orbit around the Earth makes its closest approach to the Earth) of about 240 km and an apogee (The point in the orbit of the moon or of an artificial satellite most distant from the center of the earth) of about 24,000 km. After a quick estimate of the achieved LTT (Lunar Transfer Trajectory) a mid-course correction will be imparted at the earliest opportunity. The spacecraft coasts for about five and a half days in this trajectory prior to the lunar encounter. The major maneuver of the mission, called Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) that leads to lunar capture, would be carried out at the peri-selene (nearest point in lunar orbit) leading to successful lunar capture in a polar, near circular 1000 km-altitude orbit. After successful capture and health checks, the altitude is planned to be lowered through a series of in-plane corrections to achieve the target altitude of 100 km circular polar orbit Mission Objectives Carry out high resolution mapping of topographic features in 3D, distribution of various minerals and elemental chemical species including radioactive nuclides covering the entire lunar surface using a set of remote sensing payloads. The new set of data would help in unraveling mysteries about the origin and evolution of solar system in general and that of the moon in particular. Realize the mission goal of harnessing the science payloads, lunar craft and the launch vehicle with suitable ground support system ncluding DSN station, integration and testing, launching and achieving lunar orbit of ~100 km, in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/telecomm and, telemetry data reception, quick look data and archival for scientific utilization by identified group of scientists. Launch Centre Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) Sriharikota The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) is located in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh India. SDSC is mostly referred to as Sriharikot a. This is the launch centre for ISRO. The centre is 80 kilometers north of Chennai in South India. It was originally called Sriharikota Range (SHAR) and renamed to its present name in 2002 after the death of ISROs former chairman Satish Dhawan. The centre became operational in October 1971 when three Rohini rockets were launched. The SHAR facility now consists of two launch pads, with the second built recently. The second launch pad was used for launches beginning in 2005 and is a universal launch pad, accommodating all of the launch vehicles used by ISRO. The two launch pads will allow multiple launches in a single year, which was not possible earlier Launch Vehicle The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) built its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in the early 90s. The 45 m tall PSLV with a lift-off mass of 295 tonne, had its maiden success on October 15, 1994 when it launched Indias IRS-P2 remote sensing satellite into a Polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) of 820 km. Between 1996 and 2005, it has launched six more Indian Remote Sensing satellites as well as HAMSAT, a micro satellite built by ISRO for amateur radio communications into polar SSOs, one Indian meteorological satellite into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). PSLV has also launched four satellites from abroad (TUBSAT and DLR-Bird from Germany, Proba from Belgium and KITSAT from Republic of Korea) as piggyback payloads into polar SSOs. PSLV has emerged as ISROs workhorse launch vehicle and proved its reliability and versatility by scoring eight consecutive successes between 1994-2005 periods in launching multiple payloads to both SSO as well as GTO. On January 10, 2007, the PSLV-C7 carried four satellites the 680 kg Indian remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-2, the 550 kg Space Capsule Recovery Equipment (SRE-1), Indonesias LAPAN-TUBSAT (60kg) and Argentinas 6kg nanosatellite called NANO PEHUENSAT-1 into orbit. Ground Control Ground Segment for Chandrayaan-1 comprises three major elements viz. Deep Space Station (DSN), Spacecraft Control Center (SCC) and Indian Space Science Data Center (ISSDC). This trio of ground facility ensures the success of the mission by providing to and fro conduit of communication, securing good health of the spacecraft, maintaining the orbit and attitude to the requirements of the mission and conducting payload operations. The ground segment is also responsible for making the science data available for the Technologists / Scientists along with auxiliary information, in addition to storage of payload and spacecraft data. Perfect start, Chandrayaan-1 ready for next step After a historic launch and a successful injection into the transfer orbit, Indiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first unmanned moon mission Chandrayaan-1 is ready for the next big task. Chandrayaan-1 has to get into the orbit around the moon where it will revolve for two years before returning back to the earth. The moon space craft was put into transfer orbit around the earth by the Polar Launch Vehicle PSLV-C11 after it blasted off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The 1,380 kg Chandrayaan-1, carrying 11 payloads, was released into a Transfer Orbit 18. 2 minutes after the PSLV-C11 blasted off. After a series of procedures over the next two weeks, the spacecraft would reach its desired lunar orbit and placed at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface, marking the operational phase of the mission which would put India in the elite lunar club. Earlier, at the end of the 49-hour countdown, the 44. meter tall four-stage PSLV-11 lifted off from the second launch pad into a cloudy sky. This is the 14th flight of ISROs workhorse PSLV, which had launched 29 satellites into a variety of orbits since 1993, and 13th successive one in a row. Chandrayaan-1 is carrying 11 payloads, five entirely designed and developed in India, three from European Space Agency, one from Bulgaria and two from US, whi ch would explore the Moon over the next two years. Indian Space Research Organization Chairman G Madhavan Nair described the successful launch as a historic moment in Indias space programme. The launch was perfect and precise. The satellite has been placed in the earth orbit. With this, we have completed the first leg of the mission and it will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit, Nair announced in the mission control centre. Speaking to NDTV, Chief of the Indian space program Madhavan Nair gave details about the moon mission. The rocket that is carrying Indias first unmanned satellite to moon is as high as a 7-storey building and weighs nearly 300 tonnes. One after the other, four stages of the rocket will ignite taking Chandrayaan higher into space. The Chandrayaan will first make a few revolutions around the Earth so that it gathers enough momentum to reach the moon. But it will take several days before it covers the 4 lakh kilometers to reach its destination. The satellite will be captured by moons gravity and initially it will revolve nearly a thousand kilometers from the moons surface. But finally it will move closer to nearly 100 kilometers literally over the moon. Once thats done, it will spend the next two years mapping the moons surface and sending data to India. And among the first things it does will be to plant Indias national flag on the moon. Then as part of its many other challenging objectives the multi-continent mission will begin the most intense search ever undertaken for life giving water on the moon. We have designed and built this instrument for Chandrayaan-1 to search for the water ice over the lunar poles and will be most extensive search of this type in history, said Dr Stewart Nozette, NASA and Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston, USA. Once scientific data has been gathered by the satellite, sending it back to Earth will be a big challenge. Digitally talking to the moon craft will not be easy as the satellite will be almost 4 lakh kilometers away. And to gather the faint signals a dish antenna that weighs 60 tons has been set up at a small village called Bylalu near Bangalore. Part of the hi-tech data centre is still being constructed at the village where laborers sweat it out without even knowing that their efforts are taking India to outer space. Chandrayaan-I another step closer to moon Chandrayaan I, Indiaaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spacecraft which is to take off for the moon, is on its way to SHAR, i. e. , Sriharikota Range, to be integrated with PSLV-C11. The 50-hour countdown to the launch of Chandrayaan will start on the night of October 19. At Sriharikota, Chandrayaan will be put through its paces on the ground. Indian Satellite Research Organization (ISROaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s) scientists will check how its solar panels will deploy. It will also undergo electrical and mechanical tests. Chandrayaan had earlier undergone preliminary thermal and vibration tests at Isro Satellite Centre (ISAC) in Bangalore. For security threats arising from Naxalites and other possible extremist attacks, the exact location of Chandrayaan is being kept under wraps even as it is being provided tightest possible security, according to sources in Isro. Chandrayaan is expected to reach SHAR in a day or two. The upgraded version of PSLV, PSLV-C11, which has a lift-off weight of 316 tonnes, will be used to inject the 1,304-kg mass spacecraft into a 240 x 24,000 km orbit. The main objective of Chandrayaan-I is investigation of the distribution of various minerals and chemical elements and high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of the entire lunar surface. ISROaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) will launch Chandrayaan-I into a 240 km x 24,000 km earth orbit. Subsequently, the spacecraftaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own propulsion system will be used to place it in a 100-km polar orbit around the moon. Mr. Annadurai, project chief, Chandrayaan, had said earlier: aâ‚ ¬? This will be the first step towards our manned mission to the moon. aâ‚ ¬? The remote sensing satellite will weigh 1,304 kg (590 kg initial orbit mass and 504 kg dry mass) and carry high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over its expected lifetime of two years, it will survey the lunar surface and produce a map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The project, expected to cost Rs 386 crore, will study the surface of the moon using light. Many other countries are also looking at the possibility of mining the abundant mineral resources on the moon. Chandrayaan-2 The ISRO is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan II. According to ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land a motorised rover on the Moon in 2012, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do on site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth. NASA Lunar Outpost According to Ben Bussey, senior staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel Maryland, Chandrayaans imagery will be used to decide the future lunar outpost that NASA has recently announced. Bussey told SPACE. COM, Indias Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a good shot at further identifying possible water ice-laden spots with a US-provided low-power imaging radar. Bussey advised aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  one of two US experiments on the Indian Moon probe. The idea is that we find regions of interest with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would investigate those using all the capabilities of the radar on NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Bussey added, A Moon probe to be launched late in 2008. (The LRO is now scheduled for launch 24 April 2009). Reactions and statements Reactions within India â‚ ¬? Indian President Pratibha Patil and Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari sent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for the successful launch. aâ‚ ¬? Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh sent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for the successful launch, and L. K. Advani, the leader of opposition congratulated the ISRO scientists on launch. aâ‚ ¬? The Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra M odi, visited the ISRO centre in Ahmedabad and congratulated the Indian scientists on their achievement. aâ‚ ¬? The Chief Minister of Karnataka B. S. Yeddyurappa, visited the ISRO Indian Deep Space Network in Byalalu and congratulated Madhavan Nair and his team on their achievement. International reaction aâ‚ ¬? NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin congratulated Indian scientists: Congratulations to our Indian colleagues on the successful launch of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which is carrying two NASA instruments. Indias first lunar mission will provide important insight. aâ‚ ¬? US White House hailed Indias maiden moon mission as encouraging and exciting. aâ‚ ¬? U. S. Presidential candidate Barack Obama viewed the launch of Chandrayaan as a challenge to the United States. He stated We are reminded just how urgently we must revitalise our space programme, if we are to remain the undisputed leader in space, science, and technology. aâ‚ ¬? ESA Director of Science and Robotic Exploration Prof. David Southwood said: This is a new opportunity for Europe to expand its competence in lunar science while tightening the long-standing relationship with India an ever stronger space power. Joining forces is becoming more and more key to future successes. We congratulate ISRO on the successful launch and we are eagerly looking forward to science to beginaâ‚ ¬?.