List routines and procedures to be used in and out of the classroom Essay

List purposes and procedures to be used in and out of the classroom - hear Example(Emmer 2003)Beginning of the day. When the bell rings students carry to enter classroom under the direction of elementary teacher. They are entering by way of the doorsill that is assigned to their class. Routines in the beginning of the day can be different, for example, students can create a crossword puzzle using key classroom rules as a clue or they can create different word puzzles that will contain hidden messages for each student. But the most interesting routine will be getting acquainted with rules and other students. The procedure is rather simple. It will allow students to become familiar with main policies, rules and their classmates. Such routine is functionful for students to get know each other better. And finally it will help in finding out shy students or such who dont want to interact. A procedure embraces three simple stepsTransition between activities. Students have to be prep ared for transitions between activities. Visual supports may help students to see that the activity is ending and it is time for another activity. Verbal warnings and cues may be also used as a signal to transition. Transitions are easier is they are essential part of class routine. If students are with special needs experience fewer behavioral problems if they are taught transition. Children will move from activity to another with more than confidence. Possible routines can be visual cues (social stories, flicking light, visual schedules, using pictures, etc.). A procedure will be the nextField trip. Field trip is the accompaniment of school curriculum and school day. All school rules affect field trip. The weather for field trip must be clear and all events have to be planned for the early summer or late spring. Students have to prepare meals and to clean up. The routine is to observe the greatest number of insects and to learn something revolutionary about them. Students must have notebooks, collecting equipment and field guides. Such activity will be interesting for children,

Gender, Media and Consumer Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender, Media and Consumer Societies - Essay ExampleThese effects be especially pronounced in the young who learn by emulation. Continuous image to particular forms of media models the childs perception of life as a whole and even influences the profession that he or she ends up pursuing in future.There is a disparity in Australia in the type and form of media consumption. People of different ages are being exposed to diverse types of media and this is creating a generational drift between the young and the elderly (Carter & McLaughlin, 2013). The young predominantly prefer movies that are either bought, from the internet via downloading or streamed. They are also active in consuming online television which composes of streaming and others such as catch up TV. The younger generation is also more active in social media such as Facebook and Twitter more than the older generation. The elderly prefer older forms of media such as newspapers and free television. This has led to diverse impacts in terms of gender in different age groups. Conflict hence arises between the expectations of the elderly of what society should be and what the young consider as acceptable ideals.Media directly and indirectly affect the career paths that children ultimately follow in future. Young girls and boys tend to develop particular preferences at an early age. In this age and time these preferences are either enhanced or modified over time by external influences. At a time when parents focus more on their careers than on family, the children are left without role models ad people to look up to except the ones they see in the television or from the internet (Carter & McLaughlin, 2013).Research shows that children watching cartoons that disembowel princesses and fairy tales in the long run prefer to be stay home at wives. Cartoons such as the magic Riddle in which the briny character undergoes a lot of suffering in her

Workplace Violence in Health Institutions Term Paper

Workplace Violence in Health Institutions - Term Paper ExampleThese guidelines include recommendations for recognizing danger factors, management commitment and employee involvement, work site analysis, endangerment prevention and control, and safety and health training. Violence against Health Workers The levels of vehemence against healthcare staff have become a concern in recent years. more and more healthcare staffs face the prospect of military unit and aggression in the workplace, not only from the people they care for, but from strangers and families. Although there is a spunky risk of work place violence across all healthcare occupations, most indicators suggest that it is the nursing profession that is most at risk, followed closely by ambulance and medical staff. (Linsley, 2006, pgs. 7-8) confines are especially vulnerable to violence in high risk areas of practice such as the emergency department and psychatric settings (Dempski & Westrick, 2008, pg. 237) This paper seeks to addreses the spectrum of tempestuous behaviors in health care, including violence directed horizontally or vertically between healthcare providers or violence focused on nurses from patients, families, and visitors. In addition, it leave behind give a brief explanation of the types of violence experienced by nurses at their place of work, the risk factors, the various ways through which workplace violence affects the workers as well as the steps and measures which can be undertaken to reduce the impact and effects of workplace violence or minimize their chances of occurence and reoccurance. Types of Violence in Healthcare Settings Healthcare and social service workers for many an(prenominal) years have confronted significant risks of job-related violence. Assaults in particular represent serious safety threats and health hazards for this field, and violence against... Healthcare and social service workers for many years have confronted significant risks of job-related v iolence. Assaults in particular represent serious safety threats and health hazards for this field, and violence against their workers more and more continues to manifest. Healthcare settings are at risk for a variety of violent behaviours. Violence may be manifested as verbal abuse, sexual harassment, racial harassment, bullying, attribute damage, threats, murder, and physical assault. In 2000, almost half of all nonfatal injuries from violent acts against workers occurred in the healthcare sector. These injuries include, bruises, lacerations, broken bones, and head injuries. There are also otherwise forms of violence such as lateral and horizontal violence which frequently occur in healthcare agencies. Lateral violence is a form of bullying, nurse to nurse, and is usually directed toward nursing staff perceived as less powerful. This includes bullying which encompasses barrage behaviours which include being harassed, tormented, ignored, sabotaged, put down, and insulted among ot hers. This form of violence is tolerated because many nurses experience it as a rite of passage and regard it as normal.Risk Factors. Health care providers, especially so, nurses deal with a greater than before risk of work-related physical attack. A number of factors have been identified as causal factors, while they do not cause violence directly, they have an impact on it and can enhance its effects.

The Story of the Stuff by Annie Leonard Essay Example for Free

The Story of the Stuff by Annie Leonard EssayThe Story of the Stuff which is made by Annie Leonard was very interesting and enlightening. It made me realize that no matter how small the stuffs we use in our everyday life, it should not be taken for granted because the economic system is in crisis and we cant continue to effort on a linear system since we live on a planet of limited resources. People begin obsessed with consumerism, especially when it comes to new technologies. Things that we bargain for and then discard go through different phases extraction, production, distribution, role and disposal. Corporations have become bigger than our government and the first limit to the system is exploitation of our vivid resources. We are consuming products to the point where 1/3 of our natural resources are already used up with 30% of our waste being shipped to other areas of the world. collectible to these instances, almost all of our forest have already been cut down, and yet this corporations who still involves to cut them have no corporate environmental responsibility, what they want is always earning more profit. They should think that if all the resources in earth runs out, even money cant revert the damage they have done to these non-renewable resources. to a fault they cant already buy these resources from the over-exploited third world countries. Yet the government hasnt done enough actions to address these problems. I find it scandalise and irresponsible of our government. Maybe just maybe they are doing actions or made rules and regulations to minimize these occurrences but still it wouldnt be enough since corporations can lend money to those corrupt officials whose minds are obsessed with money then poof, the corporations will continue its operations. It is not merely the fault of the corporations or the government, each individuals also contributed on consuming the limited resources the earth have.In todays time, consumers has become the n ew evil of the society, consumption has turned from necessity to excessiveness. Through planned and sensed obsolescence we have turned against everyone including ourselves. Consumerism led to tremendous increase in the variety of products. Each product life cycle from raw material extraction to its consumption has aneffect on the ecosystem as a whole. For example, due to toxics like dioxins and furans, there is change in the atmosphere thus affecting both flora and animate being of our planet. To cater to this growing hunger, production house does not maintain any standards in the degradation of human, social and economic capital.Rather than playing the role as a regulator, the governments are playing the role as a promoter. But there is a way forward, we and planet are complimentary not supplementary. We should get off the ground focusing on closed production loop, renewable energy, zero waste. Sustainable development is the way forward for sustainable life. We cant just start merry with a whole new system, however I believe we can take the current system and revamp it in a way that we become more responsible as consumers and citizens. We need to take back our government and unite to see the big picture. By unity we create equity, boost our local living economies and promote sustainability

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Essay Example for Free

gay immunodeficiency virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Essayhuman immunodeficiency virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) that disables the immune system.It was discovered in 1983 .human immunodeficiency virus enters the body through the bloodstream and duplicates itself rapidly.The victim is susceptible to infectious diseases that eventu eachy are fatal (1).Statistically, HIV/AIDS is the number bingle killer of Afri move-American women ages 25 to 34, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Between 2000 and 2003, they were nineteen times more likely than White females and five times more likely than Hispanic females to contract the disease. African-American men were seven times more likely than White men and three times the rate of Hispanic men to contract HIV/AIDS (2).In 2008, there is still not a cure for AIDS.Instead, scientists see discovered drugs that can slow tear down the progression of the disea se. proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (PIs) are antiviral drugs that slow down the spread of HIV (1). The virus produces a protein called proteolytic enzyme so that it can replicate itself.Protease cuts long chains of proteins and enzymes into shorter chains, the first step in the process by which HIV infects a cell (1).If this doesnt happen, replication does not continue.In 1987, zidovudine was the first anti-HIV medication that was created. It showed hope and kept people healthier longer. However, the side set up were very high for men. Since that time, more HIV medications have evolved.Antiretroviral therapy usually consists of factions of nucleoside/ base reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, proteinase inhibitors, or fusion inhibitors, which are prescribed in the later stages of HIV (19). Dual protease inhibitor therapy is excessively being use clinically (3).They are also associated with improving morbidity and mortality of HIV-pos itive persons (5).Although these drugs are expensive, they have proven to be the most successful therapy in managing HIV. However, near forbearings dont comply 100% with their treatments. This is largely due to the side effects. Sometimes they make a patient feel worse than the true(a) disease.The most special Kly reported ones are abdominal pain, abnormal bowel movements, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, and nausea. Children usually develop a skin rash. The more serious side effects are liver problems and pancreatitis. Some patients have also seen large increase in triglyceride ad cholesterol levels. Diabetics saw an increase in their blood chicken feed levels. Other patients developed diabetes plot taking protease inhibitors (16). Presently, nine PIs have been approved for use in the United States and Europe amprenavir, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, lopinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, tipranavir, and nelfinavir.Three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are used for treatment of HIVnevirapine, delavirdine, and efavirenz (7). Drug treatment selection depends on factors such as drug resistance, tolerability, drug interactions, and effectiveness. Therapeutic drug supervise (TDM) has been proposed so that practitioners may better maintain appropriate plasm concentrations of drugs in their patients by identifying interactions with other medications and assessing medication adherence (7). Figure 1 shows the structures of these compounds.Fig. 1. Chemical structures of protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.About 50% of treatment-nave patients dont have continued antiviral response after one year of therapy (18). In some cases, there is a using of drug resistance and metabolic complications. Also, there is increasing evidence that virological treatment failure is correlated with variations in the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs (20). This can be due to drug interactions, low bioavailability, and vari ations in metabolic enzyme activity. Atazanavir (ATV) has good oral bioavailability and a favorable pharmacokinetics profile (18). With this in mind, patients can mostly impinge on a once-daily dose.A separate analytical method has been recently published for quantifying ATV in human plasm using solid phase extraction and HPLC with personal digital assistant (photodiode array) detection at 201 nm (18). This method provides excellent separation of ATV from its inborn standard, clozapine (CLZ) and the other PIs, thus, obtaining an accurate measurement of the drug (see convention 2). CLZ elutes at 8.9 minutes, and ATV elutes a 24.4 minutes. A 40-ml injection resulted in a recovery yield of 100%.Fig. 2. Chromatogram of ATV with PIs/NNRTIs (8000 ng/ml) spiked with CLZNelfinavir mesylate has been shown in phase III controlled clinical trials to significantly reduce viral load and increase CD4+ cell counts when used with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Its prescribed as part of trip le drug combine therapy (9). CD4+ are helper T cells. They are important for immune reconstitution in patients that are receiving antiretroviral therapy (10). After a large number of these cells are destroyed, AIDS develops (7). six-spot clinical trials was conducted in the past ten years using 2, 148 HIV-infected children enrolled in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group treatment trials (10). Patient ages varied from 2 to 7 years of age. The focus was to observe short-term variability of CD4 percentages. The study found that 49% of patients had CD4 percentages above 25%. 32% of patients had CD4 counts between 15% and 24% 19% were less(prenominal) than 15%. Finally, 5.4% had a CD4% of less than 5% (10).In June 2006, Darunavir (DRV) was licensed in the United States. It is a promising PI that is active against HIV strains that are resistant to the other PIs that currently on the market (17). It is prescribed in 600-mg doses that are taken twice daily with 100 mg of ritonavir th at acts as a booster.Protease inhibitors are associated with unfavorable pharmacokinetics and many side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances and lipid abnormalities (5).Four of the most common PIs used are indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and nelfinavir (3).Monitoring blood concentration of PIs, which can indicate both therapeutic and toxic levels of the drugs as well as patient noncompliance with the medication, may improve the care of both HIV-infected adults and children (3).When ritonavir was first introduced, it was given in doses of 600 mg every 12 hours. However, patient intolerance of climb doses led to its primary use as a pharmacologic enhancer to increase the concentrations in plasma of a second protease inhibitor to improve the contrivance of antiretroviral regimens by extending the dosing interval, reducing pill burden, and /or eliminating food-induced reductions in pharmacokinetic exposure (8).Researchers used High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) t o determine concentrations of PIs in blood.Various methods have been used to study the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Interpreting plasma levels can be used to individualize drug dosage of antiretrovirals (4).Quality control (QC) procedures must be through with(p) to ensure that these methods are accurate and precise.Such procedures usually include intralaboratory ( inherent) method validation, intralaboratory QC procedures, and participation in an interlaboratory QC program for antiretroviral drugs (4). Since the latter hadnt been done beforehand, it was established so that laboratories can obtain better measurement results of antiretroviral drugs.Nine laboratories participated in the first part of the program.The first part of the experiment involved the measurement of the protease inhibitorsindinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir. completely had a specified purity of 99% or higher.QC samples were prepared by spiking blank plasma from HIV-negative volunteers wi th PI standard. The low concentrated standards ranged from 0.087 to 0.15 mg/L while the intermediate concentrated standards contained ranged from 2 to 3 mg/L of all four PIs.Finally, the high-concentrated standards contained approximately 5 to 11 mg/L of drug.All drugs were change state in methanol following accurate weighings and diluted with blank plasma (4).High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze twelve samples.All laboratories metre more than one protease inhibitor used as assay for simultaneous determination (4).Six laboratories used HPLC/UV and three labs used HPLC-MS/MS. Mass spectroscopic analysis detection is often recommended for measurement of low concentration levels.Also, this type of analysis is usually faster and does not require complete resolution of drugs for detection and quantification (5). plainly five laboratories were able to measure all four PIs.Three laboratories were not able to determine nelfinavir.One laboratory only measured indinavir (4). unexceptionable accuracy results are between 80% and 120%.Only indinavir resulted in an acceptable accuracy of 80%.The remaining PIs had between 36% and 74% accuracy.These results should encourage laboratories to improve their analytical methods and QC procedures.Other PIs, such as amprenavir and lopinavir, can be analyzed as well (4).HIV-positive plasma samples are heat inactivated before analysis, approximately 58C for 40 minutes, to decrease the risk of infection to the operator.They may also go through a freeze/thaw cycle. As with the QC study, blank plasma was spiked with seven PIs (indinavir, amprenavir, atazanavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, and nelfnavir) at low, intermediate, and high concentrations measured in ng/ml.Certain assays only require 100 l of plasma for analysis.This is advantageous when measuring PI concentrations as part of clinical studies as they often necessitate hourly sampling to generate complete PK profiles therefore less blood can be drawn from the patient (5).In addition, seven PIs can be quantified in one assay, but impossible to assay all seven in a single preparation.The use of liquifiable chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) has emerged as the developmental method of choice reenforcement clinical and pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies (13). Recovery for the HPLC-MS/MS methods was above 87% for all seven drugs at all three concentration levels (5).It was successful in quantifying seven PI concentrations in plasma of HIV positive persons that participated in a run time of nine minutes.Therefore, the assay may be used for determining PI concentrations in semen, lymphocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid (5).A fast and highly-sensitive LC-MS-MS method was developed that could analyze five protease inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) in one run using an internal standard. Sample sizes were small (ng/ml) and run times were approximately 5 minutes. Re coveries for all five PIs were between 87% and 92%(11).Tipranavir is part of a class of non-peptidic PIs that kit and caboodle against both wild-type virus and variants resistant to current PIs(6).It also has a high genetic barrier.Tipranavir is prescribed in a 500-mg dose taken in combination with 200 mg of ritonavir twice daily as part of antiretroviral therapy for patients with HIV-1 strains that are resistant to multiple PIs (6).Fig. 3. Tipranavir chemical structureAn HPLC-UV method has been validated and is currently applied when monitoring tipranavir (TPV) plasma levels in HIV patients.Samples were prepared for solid phase extraction (SPE) by conditioning the cartridges with 0.1% phosphoric acid, pH 7.TPV stock solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/ml were diluted from with 50% methanol. Samples were spiked with TPV at 1.875, 7.5, 18.75, 37.5, 60, and 75 g/ml in triplicate. QC samples were diluted with blank plasma and phosphate buffer to 5.625, 22.5, and 67.5 g/ml.Clozapine was used as the internal standard (6).5-ml aliquots of blood samples were obtained from HIV infected patients.The plasma obtained from centrifugation was heated at 60 C for one hour in a water bath.TPV in plasma was measured at a UV absorbance of 201 nm with a retentivity time of 32.2 minutes. Its internal standard, clozapine (CLZ) has a retention time of 8.3 minutes (6). Figure 4 below shows the chromatogram of TPV, its internal standard, and all other PIs and NNRTIspresent. Figure 5 shows TPV and its internal standard CLZ only.Fig. 4. Chromatogram of plasma control sample of TVP (22.5 mg/ml) spiked with internal standard and all PIs and NNRTIs.Fig. 5. Chromatogram of calibration sample of TVP (37.5 mg/ml) spiked with internal standard CLZ.Isocratic HPLC methods combined with the use of UV and fluorescence detection produces more sensitivity. Amprenavir is a fluorescent compound. Its internal standard PR25 can also be seen under fluorescence (see figure 6).Fig. 6. Blank plasma wi th 100 ng/ml amprenavir and 1000 ng/ml of PR25 seen under fluorescence.In conclusion, much progress has been made in the development of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral therapy. HPLC with UV detection has been the most commonly used method of analysis. It is rapid, simple, and highly sensitive. LC-MS-MS has been noted at the developmental method of choice for clinical and pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies (13). More compounds can be analyzed in less time. Also, they can be used for methods using other human biological matrices.For the majority of protease inhibitors, all side effects are not known. In 2007, darunavir was the new HIV protease inhibitor with eleven other antiretroviral agents on the market. They can affect patients that have diabetes, liver problems, and hemophilia their conditions can worsen as a result of taking PIs. Only a patients health care supplier can determine the best treatment optionREFERENCESNagel, Rob. 2007. Protease Inhibitors. UXL Encycl opedia of Science cited 2008 May 8, uncommitted from http//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1docnum=cv2644301082.Health Hotline HIV and Genital Herpes cited 2008 May8 Available from http//www.ebony.com.HPLC Assay for Common Protease Inhibitors Developed.Antiviral Weekly cited 2008 May 07 Available from http//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1docNum=A60069570.Aarnoutse, Rob E., Verweij-van Wissen, Corrien P.W.G.M., van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer, Eleonora, W.J., Wuis, Eveline, W., Koopmans, Peter P., Hekster, Yechiel A., and Burger, David, M. 2001. International Interlaboratory Quality Control Program for bill of Antiretroviral Drugs in Plasma healthful Agents and Chemo 46(3) 884-886.Dickinson, Laura, Robinson, Lesley, Tjia, John, Khoo, and Saye, Back, David. 2005. cooccurring determination of HIV protease inhibitors amprenavir, atazanavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spec trometry J of Chrom. B 82982-90.Colombo, S., Beguin, A., Marzolini, C., Telenti, A., Biollaz, J., and Decosterd, L.A. 2006. Determination of the novel non-peptidic HIV-protease inhibitor tipranavir by HPLC-UV after solid-phase extraction J of Chrom. B 832138-143.Rezk, Naser L., Tidwell, Richard R., and Kashuba, Angela D.M. 2004. High-performance liquid chromatography assay for the quantification of HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human plasma J of Chrom. B 805241-247.Shelton, Mark J.,Hewitt, Ross G., Adams, John, Dela-Coletta, Andrew, Cox, Steven, and Morse, Gene D. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir and Delavirdine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Antimicrobial Agents and Chemo 47(5) 1694-1699.Zhang, Kanyin E., Wu, Ellen, Patick, Amy K., Kerr, Bradley, Zorbas, Mark, Lankford, Angela, Kobayashi, Takuo, Maeda, Yuki, Shetty, Bhasker, and Webber, Stephanie. 2001.Circulating Metabolites of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir in Humans Structural Identification, Levels in Plasma, and Antiviral Activities Antimicrobial Agents and Chemo 45(4) 1086-1093.Carey, Vincent J., Pahwa, Savita, and Weinberg, Adriana. 2005. Reliability of CD4 Quantitation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Children Implications for Definition of immunologic Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Clinical and Diagnostic Lab Immunology 12(5) 640-643.Chi, Jingduan, Jayewardene, Anura L., Stone, Judith A., Motoya, Toshiro, and Aweeka, Francesca. 2002. Simultaneous determination of five HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and amprenavir in human plasma by LC/MS/MS J of Pharm and Biomedical Analysis 30675-684.Verbesselt, R., Van Wijngaerden, E., and de Hoon, J. 2007. Simultaneous determination of 8 HIV protease inhibitors in human plasma by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography with combined use of UV and fluorescence detection Amprenavir, indinavir , atazanavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir and M8-nelfinavir metabolite J of Chrom. B 84551-60.Frerichs, Valerie A., DiFrancesco, Robin, and Morse, Gene D. 2003. Determination of protease inhibitors using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry J of Chrom, B 787393-403.Gangl, Eric, Utkin, Ilya, Gerber, Nicholas, and Vouros, Paul. 2002. Structural elucidation of metabolites of ritonavir and indinavir by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry J. of Chrom. A 97491-101.Turner, Michele L., Reed-Walker, Kedria, King, Jennifer R., and Acosta, Edward P. 2003. Simultaneous determination of nine antiretroviral compounds in human plasma using liquid chromatography J. of Chrom. B 784331-341.2008. Kaletra. Cited 2008 May 16, Available from http//www.heartandsoul.com.DAvolio, Antonio, Siccardi, Marco, Sciandra, Mauro, Lorena, Baietto, Bonora, Stefano, Trentini, Laura, and Di Perri, Giovanni.2007. HPLC-MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the new HIV protease in hibitor darunavir, and 11 other antiretroviral agents in plasma of HIV-infected patients J. of Chrom. B 859234-240.Colombo, S., Guignard, N., Marzolini, C., Telenti, A., Biollaz, J., and Decosterd, L.A. 2004. Determination of the new HIV-protease inhibitor atazanavir by liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction J. of Chrom. B 81025-34.Weller, Dennis R., Brundage, Richard C., Balfour, Jr., Henry H., and Vezina, ling ko E. An isocratic liquid chromatography method for determining HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor concentrations in human plasma J. of Chrom. B 848369-373.Sarasa-Nacenta, Maria, Lopez-Pua, Yolanda, Mallolas, Josep, Blanco, Jose Luis, Gatell, Jose M., and Carne, Xavier. Simultaneous determination of the HIV-protease inhibitors indinavir, amprenavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and nelfinavir in human plasma by reversed-phase high- performance liquid chromatography J, of Chrom. B 757325-332.

Similar to Sister James Essay Example for Free

Similar to Sister crowd together EssaySimilar to Sister James I was left in doubt throughout the drool regarding what was true and what was non. i aspect of the story that did not leave me in doubt was the juxtaposition of the very different philosophies of Sister Aloysius and Father Flynn. One the far end of rigid sternness was Sister Aloysius with her dislike of anything new or changing and who felt the children should be dealt with stern rigid methods. On the fuck opposite side was Father Flynn who felt the children should be related to with kindness and love and chooseed progression to transform the school. Even within the structured ghostlike institution there was the classic dichotomy between black and white, light and dark, good and openhanded although there is doubt about which character reflects which aspect, for most of the story I felt Sister Aloysius represented the black and Father Flynn the white. Through their conversations and actions the two waged a war of words and wills which left Sister James caught in the crossfire wherein she subsequently lost her innocence and was possibly the biggest victim of all.Although she was perceived as ignorant by Sister Aloysius I feel Sister James only had a new and progressive attitude towards the education of her students. Sister Aloysius quickly cut through her ideals on how she should teach and be regarded by students in favor of her own stern methods and approach while subsequently igniting the flame of doubt within Sister James. It is the doubt that quickly corrupts Sister James changing how she views herself and the origination around her. She goes from perceiving the world from an optimistic and happy place to that of pessimistic and paranoid which she says makes her feel as if Im less close to God. It in love me as highly unbecoming of anyone ordained as a nun to cause another sister to stray away from God and Sister Aloysiuss excuse of In the pursuit of wrongdoing, one steps away from God was weak at best. She seems to have had it out for Father Flynn from the beginning and done everything she could to raise rid of him and even though she did the problem (if there was one) simply moved locations. Her actions can be easily justifiable only if her suspicions were correct and as the righteousness is never revealed the reader is left in doubt.I feel there is a lot of meaning in the title and that the story would hold a different meaning if it were simply titled Doubt. Adding the words AParable change my perceptions and connotations about the underlying themes and messages of the work. Regarding parables while talking with Sister James Father Flynn says You make up little stories to illustrate. In the tradition of the parable, and later What actually happens in life is beyond interpretation. The truth makes for a bad sermon. It tends to be confusing and have no clear conclusion. In this play we never get at the truth and we never see or learn what really happened, a ll we have is the story that illustrates a point in this case doubt. Father Flynns message of doubt and of the story were revealed in the first act in his sermon Doubt can be a bond as powerful and sustaining as certainty. When you are lost, you are not alone. Sister James is the only character in the play that experiences profound doubt which may have lead her away from God or it may have created the strong bond and connection Father Flynn spoke of. Either way I am still left in sort of a bit of doubt.

What Is Meteorology And Its Uses Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is Meteorology And Its Uses Environmental Sciences EssayE actually day, thousands and thousands of people tune into hold up forecast on television, radio, even news papers for news rough the conditions and if any changes are going to take place in the upcoming days, like floods or droughts or temperature change. Meteorology is the study of all the changes in the atmosphere, whether they were changes in temperature, air pressure, moisture, or waver direction in the troposphere. The air around the earth is called the atmosphere, it is split into layers. Weather happens in the troposphere, the bottom layer, directly above the ground. Mount Everest, the highest point on the Earth, reaches about half way up the troposphere. Meteorology is helpful for suffer processes and forecasting.What is meteorology?Meteorology is the experience of the atmosphere. It comes from the Grecian word meteoron, which means something that happens high in the sky. Weather was authorised to the ancient Greeks because it affected the farmers who raised their crops and their seamen who sailed the oceans. The ancient Greeks sight and tried to encounter how the clouds, lift, and rainfall were connected to one an separate.WeatherWeather is an curiosityless cycle of events. The four things that cause weather are the Sun, the atmosphere, water vapor and the wind. They all work together, spreading the Suns hop up all over the world and making clouds. And the changes that occur over a longer period of conviction are known as climate. Weather has always been a strong concern to humans, and our inability to control it has led us to try to measure it, compare it, and herald it for the past hundreds of years. Weather contributes greatly with the study of meteorology, the five major weather elements are-Temperature -Wind-Humidity -Pressure-RainfallThe SunThe sunshine is the main point of reference of energy for the earth. The roost and commove given out by the sun make it p ossible for plants and animals to live on earth. Without the sun, oceans would freeze and life could not be supported on earth. The sun is the key to the earths weather. It moves the air all over the world causing winds which carry weather changes. product line temperature is measured by a thermometer. http//images.google.com/url?source=imgresct=tbnq=http//library.thinkquest.org/J0112188/sun_and_earth.gifusg=AFQjCNH7-leVbgPcZpt29YvgoD3Yoo8NqQhttp//library.thinkquest.org/J0112188/sun_and_earth.gif transport PressureAlthough air is light, there is so much of it that air dope exert huge pressure on earth. Air pressure or atmospherical pressure is ca apply by the weight of all the air pressing down in all directions at the ground. Air pressure changes when the temperature changes, it varies from place to place and from time to time as the Suns heat varies. Areas of high pressure are formed where air is sinking down, so its pushing harder towards the earth. But when air rises it leav es behind an athletic field of lower pressure, because upward moving air is not pushing down so hard on the surface this creates low pressure. Air pressure is measured in millibars ,mb, on a barometer. Barometers help us forecast weather because changes in air pressure are linked to changes in the weather.Air moistureThere are various forms of moisture. Moisture is present in the air either in the form of gas, fluent, or solid. Atmospheric moisture plays a significant role in weather when it changes from one state to the other. Warm air can hold more water than frigidity air can. A hygrometer can be employ to measure humidity, which is the amount of water in the air. A hygrometer consists of a wet bulb and a dry bulb thermometer. One end of the wet bulb thermometer is covered with muslin, which is wet. When the air is dry, more water will evaporate and the wet bulb thermometer will show a low reading.Air MassesAir mass are huge masses of air which are warm, cold, moist, or dry depending on the land or sea they work by. Air masses move all over the Earths surface, they help spread the Suns heat around the world. Air masses are classified according to the athletic field or the source they came from.There are two types of air masses. Air masses that form over oceans and seas called maritime. We have Tropical maritime, which break offs over warm seas, and arctic maritime, forms over the seas near the poles. Air masses that form overland are called continental there is Tropical continental, air mass that develops over hot or dry land, and Polar continental, air mass that develops over land near the poles.Boundaries between air masses are called fronts. The weather can be very un temperedtled near the fronts some cold fronts cause lines of violent storms. There are three types of fronts, warm, cold, and occluded.WindWind is moving air. It blows because some air masses become warmer than others, basically wind moves because of the difference in air pressure around the world. In warm air, the tiny particles of air spread out. A mass of warm air is lighter than a mass of cold air, because warm air is so light it rises. As warm air rises, cold air flows in to take place. Climate and weather are determined by the wind. Wind is also affected by the Coriolis resolution. The earth spins on its axis, in the northern hemisphere winds are swung to the right. And in the southern hemisphere winds are swung to the left, this is called the Coriolis Effect. A windsock is used to measure the wind speed and direction. A weather vane can also be used to determine the winds direction.Severe/Extreme weather conditionsViolent storms can be very dangerous, but as we discover more about the weather it becomes easier to forecast violent storms to avoid disasters. Some severe weather conditions are thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and avalanches. Some extreme weather conditions such as floods and droughts may also affect the weather in some areas.Thund erstorms occasionally happen when the air is humid and warm. Clouds form in the sky and stormy winds start to blow, thunderstorms usually include lightning followed by thunder. Lightning and thunder happen at the same time, but you see thunder first because light travels faster than sound.Tornadoes are long funnels of violently spiraling winds. They form on land when there is warm, moist air near the ground and cold, dry air above it. The Coriolis Effect helps the tornado spin faster, as well as jet streams when they pass over the top of the storm.Weather forecastWeather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. The most straightforward way to predict the weather is to barely look out the window. However, for a more accurate weather forecast you need observational tools like radars, satellites and specially designed computers that will give you a clearer picture to the weather conditions. Some weather symbols that are used in television forecast and mapshttp//images.google.com/url?source=imgresct=tbnq=http//s3.amazonaws.com/momentville/20889/photos/917979/917979_medium.jpgusg=AFQjCNHD4U47mTTE3a_bIXFBUrhjDKaQhttp//s3.amazonaws.com/momentville/20889/photos/917979/917979_medium.jpgWeather godsGood harvests depends on dear(p) weather, early farmers who lived about 7,000 years ago thought gods ruled the weather. People today still pray for fine weather and good harvest.The Rainbow God, the Kabi people of Australia fear a god called Dhakhan who is half snake and half fish. He appears as a rainbow in the sky when he moves from one hole to the next.The Dragon Breath, the Chinese believed that dragons formed clouds with their breath and brought rain. The rain fell when the dragons walked over the clouds and storms raged when they fought.Dancing in the Rain, the Hopi Indians of North America perform special rain dances, and pray to the gods through these dances to distribut e them rain.HistoryThe father or founder of meteorology is considered to be Aristotle. His book Meteorologica written around 340 B.C was the first study of the atmosphere. Some of Aristotles ideas were accurate, like ideas about rain and hailstorms, others were not. Like many thinkers of his time, he believed that reason and logic could lead to the truth and he didnt think it was necessary to observe the details of the natural world to understand it thats why he got some of his ideas proven wrong in later years.As years went by, many centuries later natural philosophers achieved that logic and speculation arguments alone couldnt produce real understandings of the natural world. For them to understand things in the world around them, it was necessary for them to measure, record, and analyze. But at that time, the only things that could be measured were wind direction and rainfall. And it continued like that for years to come. Later around A.D 1600 the thermometer was invented, foll owing that the barometer, which measures atmospheric pressure, came a few years later. Devices and gadgets for measuring wind speed, humidity, and other important qualities of the atmosphere continued to develop over the next two- hundred years. Scientists used all of these newly-created performers to record the long term trends of the weather which are known as climate. However, they still didnt understand the day to day or daily look of weather phenomenon like tornadoes, hurricanes, and thunderstorms.Years continued to pass, by the mid- 1800s, meteorologists began to realize clouds, wind, and rain at a particular place are produced by large weather systems that grow and change as they move. However this in makeup was not very usable as long as weather instruction couldnt travel fast enough. The telegraph was later invented, allowing weather reports to be sent out instantly. Then they started to realize some of the weather patterns across the face of the earth. In the early 190 0s, a group of Norwegian meteorologists began to study weather systems by applying basic laws of physics to the behavior of the atmosphere. There discovery or approach based on movements of huge warm and cold air masses and where they meet is the foundation of modern weather forecasting. In the 1940s, World War II brought great advances in the study of meteorology. Military land, sea, and air campaigns were highly dependent on weather over grand regions making its way from the North Pole to the South Pacific. Meteorology departments in universities grew rapidly as the military services sent cadets to be trained as weather officers. The military also supported scientific research on the weather and climate. During this period, technological developments such as the radar proved to be useful and valuable meteorological observing systems for both the military and studies dealing with meteorology.Meteorologists continued to develop many more new tools and techniques, since World War II , for observing and perusal the atmosphere. They developed numerical model sets of equations that represent atmospheric processes and run them on supercomputers to analyze and predict the behavior of the atmosphere on every scale from the formation of raindrops to the circulation of the atmosphere over earth. Meteorologists today use satellites to observe hurricanes they probe the violent cores of thunderstorms with radar and high performance aircrafts and many moreInstruments and equipment used in meteorology (alphabetically ordered)-Anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed-Barograph, an aneroid barometer that records the barometric pressure over time and produces either a foil or paper chart called a barogram. http//www.weatherinstruments.us/barograph-636.jpghttp//images.google.com/url?source=imgresct=tbnq=http//www.weatherinstruments.us/barograph-636.jpgusg=AFQjCNG0OGeiHhvp9o1n1AGw0Yh1cSeAvg-Barometer, an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure using either wat er, mercury, or air-Ceiling balloon, used to measure the height of the base of clouds during daylight.-Ceiling projector, a device that is used to measure the height of the base of clouds.-Ceilometer, a device that uses a laser or other light source to measure the height of the base of clouds.-Dark adaptor goggles, clear red tinted plastic goggles used either for adapting the eyes to dark for iniquity observation or to help identify clouds during bright sunshine or glare from snow.-Disdrometer, an instrument used to measure the drop size, distribution, and velocity of falling hydrometeors.-Field mill, an instrument used to measure the strength of electric fields I the atmosphere near thunderstorm clouds.-Hygrometer, an instrument used to measure humidity.-Ice Accretion Indicator, an L do piece of aluminum used to indicate the formation of ice, frost, or the presence of freezing rain.-LIDAR, (Light Detection And Ranging) used in atmospheric physics that measures the properties of s cattered light to find information about a distant target.-Lightning detector, a device that detects lightning produced by thunderstorms.-Nephelometer, an instrument used to measure suspended particulates in a liquid or gas, they are used to provide information on atmospheric visibility.-Pyranometer, used to measure broadband solar irradiance.-Radar, is a type of radar used to locate precipitation-Radiosonde, an instrument used to measure various atmospheric parameters and transmits them into fixed receivers.-Rain gauge, an instrument that gathers and measures the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time.-Snow gauge, an instrument that gathers and measures the amount of solid precipitation over a set period of time.-SODAR, (Sonic Detection And Ranging)an instrument that measures the scattering of sound waves by atmospheric turbulence.-Solarimeter, a pyranometer used to measure combined direct and diffuse solar radiation.-Sounding rocket, an instrument designed to tak e measurements and perform scientific experiments-Stevenson screen, it shields instruments from precipitation and direct heat radiation while still allowing air to circulate freely. Sunshine recorders, devices used to indicate the amount of sunshine at a given location.http//images.google.com/url?source=imgresct=tbnq=http//www.dreamstime.com/thermograph-hand-print-thumb7926563.jpgusg=AFQjCNGEaKUm4OVQx7d9cDtva90zoyGqOw-Thermograph, measures and records both temperature and humidityhttp//images.google.com/url?source=imgresct=tbnq=http//www.johnsherman.com/rh/thermograph.jpgusg=AFQjCNFZFUlyus7Uo5HE81MdF53cRidY1ghttp//www.johnsherman.com/rh/thermograph.jpghttp//thumbs.dreamstime.com/thumb_359/1233070515hwQfRX.jpg-Thermometer, a device that measures temperature-Weather balloon, a high altitude balloon that carries instruments and uses a radiosonde to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity Weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, ca lculate its motion, estimate its type and forecast its future short letter and intensity. Weather vane, a movable device attached to an elevated object that shows the direction of the wind Windsock, a textile tube used to determine wind direction and wind speed-Wind profiler, an equipment that uses SODAR or radar to detect wind direction and speed at different elevations.ConclusionMore than 2,000 years ago, Greek philosophers looked at the sky and tried to understand what was happening there. Today, the ancient science of meteorology has grown and matured. It is at the cutting edge of research, seeking answers to basic questions about the world around us. Meteorologists today use satellites to observe hurricanes they probe the violent cores of thunderstorms with radar and high performance aircrafts. They are working to further more develop applications that are crucially important to our lives and the lives of our children and the many more generations of grandchildren yet to come.